Russia's Weapon Production Still Relies on Technology from Ukraine's Allies, Despite Sanctions

A recent investigation by UNITED24 Media has revealed that Russia's weapon production depends on technologies sourced from Ukraine's allies, which are still being supplied to Russia despite existing bans. 

Central to this manufacturing process are Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine tools, essential for producing nearly all types of weapons today. While the supply of these technologies to Russia is officially prohibited, the investigation found that they are still readily available, especially in defense companies across the country.

The journalists analyzed footage from the “Metalloobrabotka 2024” exhibition held in Moscow a few months ago, uncovering the presence of 30 machines primarily manufactured in China, but utilizing CNC systems from allied nations. Notably, Japanese CNC modules from Fanuc were prominently displayed, while systems from major German firms like Siemens and Heidenhain were less visible but identifiable through distinct features captured in the video.

Since the onset of Russia's full-scale invasion, imports of such equipment have surged, increasing three to four times, according to commercially available data provided to UNITED24 Media. 

For instance, Russia imported $23 million worth of CNC equipment in January 2021, a figure that ballooned to $82 million by January 2023. By April 2023, monthly imports had exceeded $100 million, marking a fourfold increase compared to pre-invasion levels.

Much of this equipment is expected to support defense enterprises, despite direct imports being prohibited. The investigation identified 270 CNC machines across 95 Russian defense plants, sourced from allied countries.

To navigate sanctions, Russia employs complex supply chains through intermediary companies located in countries such as China, Turkey, the UAE, Serbia, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan. Although Western nations are attempting to enforce sanctions on these intermediaries, the sheer volume makes enforcement challenging.